Category: AWS

Update: Target tracking scaling is now available for ECS services.

I’ve been working on setting up autoscaling settings for ECS services recently, and here are a couple notes from managing auto-scaling for ECS services using Terraform.

• min_capacity and max_capacity must both be set.
• schedule uses the CloudWatch schedule expression syntax, with the addition of the at(...) expression.

Creating multiple scheduled actions at once

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  + aws_appautoscaling_scheduled_action.green_evening
      id:                                    
      arn:                                   
      name:                                  "ecs"
      resource_id:                           "service/default-production/green"
      scalable_dimension:                    "ecs:service:DesiredCount"
      scalable_target_action.#:              "1"
      scalable_target_action.0.max_capacity: "20"
      scalable_target_action.0.min_capacity: "2"
      schedule:                              "cron(0 15 * * ? *)"
      service_namespace:                     "ecs"

  + aws_appautoscaling_scheduled_action.wapi_green_morning
      id:                                    
      arn:                                   
      name:                                  "ecs"
      resource_id:                           "service/default-production/green"
      scalable_dimension:                    "ecs:service:DesiredCount"
      scalable_target_action.#:              "1"
      scalable_target_action.0.max_capacity: "20"
      scalable_target_action.0.min_capacity: "3"
      schedule:                              "cron(0 23 * * ? *)"
      service_namespace:                     "ecs"

This fails with:

* aws_appautoscaling_scheduled_action.green_evening: ConcurrentUpdateException: You already have a pending update to an Auto Scaling resource.

To fix, the scheduled actions need to be executed serially.

resource "aws_appautoscaling_scheduled_action" "green_morning" {
  name               = "ecs"
  service_namespace  = "${module.green-autoscaling.service_namespace}"
  resource_id        = "${module.green-autoscaling.resource_id}"
  scalable_dimension = "${module.green-autoscaling.scalable_dimension}"
  schedule           = "cron(0 23 * * ? *)"

  scalable_target_action {
    min_capacity = 3
    max_capacity = 20
  }
}

resource "aws_appautoscaling_scheduled_action" "green_evening" {
  name               = "ecs"
  service_namespace  = "${module.green-autoscaling.service_namespace}"
  resource_id        = "${module.green-autoscaling.resource_id}"
  scalable_dimension = "${module.green-autoscaling.scalable_dimension}"
  schedule           = "cron(0 15 * * ? *)"

  scalable_target_action {
    min_capacity = 2
    max_capacity = 20
  }

  # Application AutoScaling actions need to be executed serially
  depends_on = ["aws_appautoscaling_scheduled_action.green_morning"]
}

I’m currently working on migrating a Rails application to ECS at work. The current system uses a heavily customized Capistrano setup that’s showing its signs, especially when deploying to more than 10 instances at once.

While patiently waiting for EKS, I decided to use ECS over manage my own Kubernetes cluster on AWS using something like kops. I was initially planning on using Lambda to create the required task definitions and update ECS services, but native CodePipeline deploy support for ECS was announced right before I started planning the project, which greatly simplified the deploy step.

The current setup we have now is: a few Lambda functions to link CodePipeline and Slack together, two CodePipeline pipelines per service (one for production and one for staging), and the associated ECS resources.

First, a deploy is triggered by saying “deploy [environment] [service]” in the deploy channel. Slack sends an event to Lambda (via API Gateway), and Lambda starts an execution of the CodePipeline pipeline if it is not already in progress (because of the way CodePipeline API operations work, it’s hard to work with multiple concurrent runs). This Lambda function also records some basic state in DynamoDB — namely, the Slack channel, user, and timestamp. This information is used to determine what channel to send replies to, and what user to mention if something in the deploy process goes awry.

CodePipeline then starts CodeBuild, which is configured to create Docker image(s) and a simple JSON file that is used to tell CodePipeline’s ECS integration the image tags the task definition should be updated with.

When CodeBuild is finished, a “manual approve” action is used to request human approval before continuing with the deploy. In the example here, I have it turned on for staging environments, but it’s usually only used in production. In production, we normally have 3 stages in the release cycle — the first canary deployment, followed by 25%, then the remaining 75%.

The rest is relatively straightforward — just CodePipeline telling ECS to deploy images. If errors are detected along the way, a “rollback” command is used to manually roll back changes.

When the deploy is finished, a Lambda function is used to send a message to the deploy channel.

I stumbled upon Convox a couple weeks ago, and found it pretty interesting. It’s led by a few people formerly from Heroku, and it certainly feels like it. A simple command-line interface to manage your applications on AWS, with almost no AWS-specific configuration required.

An example of how simple it is to deploy a new application:

$ cd ~/my-new-application
$ convox apps create
$ convox apps info
Name       my-new-application
Status     creating
Release    (none)
Processes  (none)
Endpoints  
$ convox deploy
Deploying my-new-application
Creating tarball... OK
Uploading... 911 B / 911 B  100.00 % 0       
RUNNING: tar xz
...
... wait 5-10 minutes for the ELB to be registered ...
$ convox apps info
Name       my-new-application
Status     running
Release    RIIDWNBBXKL
Processes  web
Endpoints  my-new-application-web-L7URZLD-XXXXXXX.ap-northeast-1.elb.amazonaws.com:80 (web)

Now, you can access your application at that ELB specified in the “Endpoints” section.

I haven’t used Convox with more complex applications, but it definitely looks interesting. It uses a little too much infrastructure than I would like for personal, small projects (a dedicated ELB for the service manager, for example). However, when you’re managing multiple large deploys of complex applications, the time saved by Convox doing the infrastructure work for you seems like it would pay for itself.

The philosophy behind Convox:

The Convox team and the Rack project have a strong philosophy about how to manage cloud services. Some choices we frequently consider:

• Open over Closed
• Integration over Invention
• Services over Software
• Robots over Humans
• Shared Expertise vs Bespoke
• Porcelain over Plumbing

I want to focus on “Robots over Humans” here — one of AWS’s greatest strengths is that almost every single thing can be automated via an API. However, I feel like its greatest weakness is that the APIs are not very user-friendly — they’re very disjointed and not consistent between services. The AWS-provided GUI “service dashboard” is packed with features, and you can see some kind of similarity with UI elements, but it basically stops there. Look at the Route 53, ElastiCache, and EC2 dashboards — they’re completely different.

Convox, in my limited experience, abstracts all of this unfriendliness away and presents you with a simple command line interface to allow you to focus on your core competency — being an application developer.

I, personally, am an application / infrastructure developer (some may call me DevOps, but I’m not particularly attached to that title), and Convox excites me because it has the potential to throw half of the work necessary to get a secure, private application cluster running on AWS.

I’m a big Let’s Encrypt fan. They provide free SSL certificates for your web servers so you can protect the traffic from prying eyes. In fact, the connection between your web browser and my blog server is made private thanks to Let’s Encrypt.

Using Let’s Encrypt requires some setup and automation on your part if you want to use it in the AWS cloud, but AWS recently launched something called the AWS Certificate Manager or “ACM”. ACM takes care of issuing, renewing, and provisioning certificates for you — which is great because uploading SSL certificates to CloudFront and Elastic Load Balancers is not the most fun thing to do. I would pay for this, but Amazon has decided to give it to everyone for free. 🙂

As with anything AWS, this has a couple catches, but if you run your cloud resources in AWS you probably won’t be worried about them:

• You don’t have access to the private key, which means you can’t use the same certificate elsewhere.
• ACM is currently only available in the us-east-1 region. ACM is currently available in all major AWS regions[footnote]As of this update (2016/06/07), ACM is available all regions except US GovCloud and China Beijing)[/footnote].
• You can’t use ACM certificates across regions (with the exception of CloudFront, which doesn’t have a region — note that CloudFront ACM certificates must be located in the us-east-1 region, though.).

So, I decided to test it out on a silly little CloudFront distribution I have running I made for a blog post as a demonstration of how you can use S3 and CloudFront to serve a single-page JavaScript app with “proper” URLs.

Test it out for yourself:

https://single-page-test.kkob.us